Sewers are considered _______ when the supply of water to be carried is greater than the capacity of the pipes to carry flow.

Sewers are considered surcharged when the flow of water entering the system exceeds the capacity of the pipes, leading to elevated water levels within the sewer. This situation can result in increased pressure against the pipe walls and potential backflow or surface flooding. Surcharging is often a result of heavy rainfall, excessive inflow and infiltration, or higher-than-expected flow conditions, which can overwhelm the system.

The term reflects a state where the capacity to carry flow is surpassed, causing the water to rise in the system, which can have serious operational and maintenance implications for collection systems. Understanding this concept is crucial for managing sewer systems effectively, especially in anticipating and alleviating flooding risks.